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INCISIONAL WOUNDS Incisional wounds are wounds that occur after surgery. Sometimes, during wound healing, the skin edges remain open by a few millimeters. In such cases, the product to be selected should prevent bacterial contamination and absorb exudate. Three-layered products also provide compression. The chosen product should have an aesthetic appearance; however, the needs of the wound should be prioritized. VENOUS ULCER The healing of lower extremity venous ulcers is quite problematic. Although the cause is usually venous circulation disorders, arterial disorders, hematological diseases, and infections should not be overlooked. The underlying cause is generally deep vein thrombosis due to venous insufficiency. Bandaging should be performed for compression, venous tone should be increased, and edema prophylaxis should be applied. Procedures such as vein dissection and bypass surgery may be required. ARTERIAL WOUND In this type of wound, the most important approach is to eliminate the underlying causes. DIABETIC CHRONIC WOUND In diabetic patients, due to damage in sensory nerves, there is a reduction in pain sensation and microcirculatory disorders. Therefore, 25% of diabetic patients develop chronic wounds, and in 10–15% of them, surgical intervention becomes necessary. Delayed wound healing is due to cellular dysfunction, leading to insufficient granulation tissue formation and failure of epithelialization and wound contraction. Damage to the vessel wall caused by high blood glucose levels impairs immune response in infections. The presence of stress also negatively affects treatment in diabetes. Burn wounds are also common in diabetic patients and are difficult and prolonged to treat. In such wounds, lesions should be temporarily closed with keratinocyte grafts equivalent to the dermis and then covered with a silicone layer. For these treatments to be successful, the graft bed must be of sufficient quality—meaning adequate blood flow and active participation of blood cells in wound healing. However, this is not always achievable in diabetic patients. Due to vascular and nerve damage, diabetic patients experience lifelong foot problems. The diabetic foot condition, characterized by peripheral vascular diseases, peripheral neuropathy, and acute ulcerations, is frequently complicated by infections. In advanced stages of these wounds, sepsis, chronic soft tissue infection, or osteomyelitis under the ulcer can develop, making the situation more severe. Septic foot wounds require urgent intervention; otherwise, major limb amputations may be necessary. In diabetic foot wounds, both ischemia and neuropathy may be present, with one predominating over the other. Infections are usually caused by pathogenic bacteria between the toes. Nail fungus increases the risk of infection. Although the wound appears dramatic, it is not painful due to neuropathy. In acute foot infections, drainage and high-dose antibiotics are required. Infection may cause hyperglycemia, and in turn, hyperglycemia may prevent infection control. In this case, abscesses and necrotic tissues should be surgically debrided. If radiological findings indicate bone involvement, the infected part of the bone should also be removed. After surgical intervention, wound care must be performed. Within a few days, healthy granulation tissue begins to appear. If necrotic tissue is observed after dressing, it should again be removed under sterile conditions. Once infection is controlled, and if the wound is suitable, surgical closure may be performed. In ischemic foot wounds, there is no significant amount of granulation tissue in the wound bed. The sole of the foot appears gray or white, often in the form of ulcers and gangrene. Neuropathic ulcers, on the other hand, appear red in color. In ischemic wounds, the nails are brittle, toes are hairless, and the skin appears shiny and atrophic. On palpation, the skin is cold and moist, and the wound is painful. Comorbidities that may affect wound healing in diabetic patients must be controlled, including: Hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases Kidney and liver diseases Hematological and immunological disorders Malnutrition HIV (+) patients If surgical intervention is required for diabetic foot wounds, the patient’s age and overall condition should be taken into consideration.